![]() Lyme disease alone, is estimated to be responsible for approximately 330,000 cases per year and cost an estimated $712 million to $1.3 billion each year in direct medical costs in the US. TBD are responsible for significant morbidity and health care costs. In North America, the majority of TBD are reported from the Northeastern US, a hotspot for Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and other emerging TBD. Humans and domesticated animals are incidental hosts in this cycle, that become infected when tick-borne pathogens spillover from their usual reservoir hosts through the bite of an infected tick. Once the tick progresses to the adult stage, it feeds predominantly on larger mammals, which are considered incidental hosts for B. burgdorferi to be passed back into naïve rodents, which act as environmental reservoirs for the spirochetes. burgdorferi was acquired during larval or nymphal feeding, the nymph or adult feeding step allows B. ![]() burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), the causative agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted to Ixodes scapularis during the larval and nymph life stages, during which the tick is primarily is feeding on small mammal hosts. ![]() Tick-borne pathogens are transmitted and maintained through a complex cycle of tick vectors, with multiple life stages and a wide diversity of reservoir hosts. Tick-borne disease (TBD) diagnoses have steadily increased over the past two decades, along with the spatial distribution of tick-borne pathogens and their associated vectors across the United States. Citizen science provides a method for broad pathogen and tick surveillance, which is highly related to human disease, allowing for inferences to be made about the epidemiology of tick-borne disease. In the Northeastern US, everyday activities were identified as a major mechanism for tick exposure, supporting the role of peri-domestic exposure in tick-borne disease. ConclusionsĬitizen science provides a low-cost and effective methodology for describing the seasonality and characteristics of human-tick exposure. Negative binomial model performance was best in New England states followed by Middle Atlantic states. followed by hard-tick relapsing fever Borrelia. The most common pathogen in blacklegged ticks was B. Submissions peaked in May with the majority of exposure occurring during every-day activities. Of the three species submitted, blacklegged ticks were the most prevalent followed by American dog ticks and lone star ticks. ResultsĪ total of 3740 submissions, comprising 4261 ticks, were submitted from the Northeastern US and were reported to be parasitizing humans. A negative binomial model was fit to predict county level CDC Lyme disease cases in 2016 using citizen science Ixodes scapularis submissions, state, and county population as predictor variables. Seasonality of exposure and the citizen science activity during tick exposure was recorded by the citizen scientist. Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and hard-tick relapsing fever Borrelia. Submitted ticks were identified to species, stage, and sex. #NIETO LAB TICK TESTING FREE#MethodsĬitizen scientists collected ticks from the Northeastern US through a free nationwide program. ![]() ![]() Human-tick interactions are crucial to consider when assessing the risk of tick-borne disease since a tick bite is required for spillover to occur. A limited amount of research has focused on human-tick exposure in this system, especially in the Northeastern United States. Traditionally, literature has focused on characterization of tick-borne disease pathogens and ticks in their sylvatic cycles. 99-106.Tick-borne disease is the result of spillover of pathogens into the human population. Malagón, “AmIcon: Physical icon and architecture for user-environment interaction,” in Second International Workshop on Ambient Assisted Living (IWAAL 2010), 2010, pp. Publisher = "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", ![]()
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